Skills mismatch

Sectoral & regional aspects of skills development and VET policies: The ETF experience from East European countries

Type:

Document

Content Type:

															Sectoral & regional aspects of skills development and VET policies: The ETF experience from East European countries
													

Language:

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

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skpOSource

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other-sources

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Sectoral approaches

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Matching skills to labour market demand requires reliable sectoral and occupational information and institutions that connect employers with training providers. Sector based strategies and institutions have proved effective in engaging all stakeholders in promoting both pre-employment training and life-long learning.

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skpSectApr

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sectoral-approaches

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Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues.

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

04 Aug 2016

Open

wcmstest4_179873.pdf

Skills development and vocational education and training (VET) reforms are moving higher on the political agendas in the Eastern Europe (EE) countries, as the governments increasingly acknowledge a clear connection between skills and socio-economic strategies and the country’s competitiveness. Moreover, social partners from national to local levels show growing interest in participating in the skills dialogues as many employers in the region have started to face significant problems with workforce skills that is becoming a constraint for their business development and overall economic growth.

There is no one size fits all and simple solution for better relevance of education and training to labour market, as very few national systems can be transferred directly to another country with the same outcomes. The aim of this paper is to facilitate a debate about the pros and cons of the different approaches to skills development and VET policies, and foster policy dialogue among public and private stakeholders in the EE countries with a view to give countries better insights for choosing their own approach.

Subject Tags:

Sectoral approaches

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sectoral-approaches

Identifier

676

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

TVET systems

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tvet-systems

Identifier

661

Vocational training

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vocational-training

Identifier

124

Regions:

Europe and Central Asia

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The skills factor in productivity and competitiveness: How Canada’s sector councils are helping address the skills and labour needs of employers

Type:

Document

Content Type:

															The skills factor in productivity and competitiveness: How Canada’s sector councils are helping address the skills and labour needs of employers
													

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English

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english

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skpEng

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Other sources

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skpOSource

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other-sources

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Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Anticipating and building skills for the future is essential to a rapidly changing labour market. This applies to changes in the types and levels of skills needed as well as in occupational and technical areas. Effective methods to anticipate future skills needs and avoid potential mismatches include: sustained dialogue between employers and trainers, coordination across government institutions, labour market information systems, employment services and performance reviews of training institutions.

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Sectoral approaches

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skpSectApr

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sectoral-approaches

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Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

04 Aug 2016

Open

wcmstest4_179872.pdf

In today's competitive, global, and constantly evolving economy there is little doubt that knowledge and skills continue to play a defining role in shaping Canada’s economic prosperity and sustainability. Globalization is breaking down the established structures of industry, requiring companies and governments to adjust ever more quickly if they are to survive. As well, local markets are often no longer sufficient to sustain prosperity and the search for export markets becomes more and more critical. New industries such as photonics and bio-technology are emerging at the same time as old industries such as manufacturing are being fundamentally transformed by technologies and new production methods, as still other industries are moving production to ‘low cost’ countries.

This report provides information that connects skills and learning in the workplace to Canada’s economic and social goals of productivity, innovation, competitiveness, and improved quality of life. It is designed to provide an overview into decisions made by business and government in investing in workplace skills and learning strategies, and, in particular, investing in sectoral approaches to skills development.

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Industrial development

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industrial-development

Identifier

214

Sectoral approaches

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sectoral-approaches

Identifier

676

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Technology

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technology

Identifier

345

Regions:

Americas

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Countries and territories:

Canada

Employment and skills in Finland

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Document

Content Type:

Employment and skills in Finland

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English

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english

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skpEng

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Information is gathered from other international organizations that promote skills development and the transition from education and training to work. The Interagency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET) was established in 2009 to share research findings, coordinate joint research endeavours, and improve collaboration among organizations working at the international and national levels.

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skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

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Access to training

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Access for all to good quality education, vocational training and workplace learning is a fundamental principle of social cohesion and economic growth. Some groups of people may require targeted attention if they are to benefit from education, training and employment opportunities.

This is particularly the case for disadvantaged youth, lower skilled workers, people with disabilities, and people in rural communities. The attractiveness of vocational education and training is enhanced when combined with entrepreneurship training and when public policies encourage utilization of higher skills by business.

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skpATSU

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access-to-training

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

03 Aug 2016

Open

wcmstest4_179871.pdf

Employment fosters equity and economic inclusiveness because those out of work face the highest risk of poverty, and it generates the tax receipts on which the social safety net depends. Further enhancing education and life-long learning would lower hurdles to employment, which are high for the low-skilled. Policies to speed up tertiary graduation, improve work incentives and activation of the unemployed and postpone labour market exit are necessary to bring the employment rate closer to the level of other Nordics. Easing employment regulations and allowing more flexible wage setting would increase both employment and productivity. This working paper relates to the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland.

DOI: 10.1787/5jlv239kcq9r-en

Subject Tags:

Inclusion

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inclusion

Identifier

665

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Women

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women

Identifier

318

Regions:

Europe and Central Asia

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Countries and territories:

Finland

European semester thematic fiche: Skills for the labour market

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Document

Content Type:

European semester thematic fiche: Skills for the labour market

Language:

English

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english

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skpEng

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Other sources

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skpOSource

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other-sources

Topics:

Access to training

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skpATSU

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access-to-training

Knowledge Products:

Promotional material

Presentations, discussion papers, meeting reports, promotional materials, videos, fact sheets, brochures and newsletters on skills development for employment.

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skpAIM

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promotional-material

Publication Date:

02 Aug 2016

Open

wcmstest4_179868.pdf

Skills are critical for competitiveness and employability, as structural changes such as globalisation and technological progress call for ever-higher and more labour market relevant skills for productivity growth and secure quality jobs. The following thematic summary provides a comprehensive picture of skills for the labour market in Europe.

Subject Tags:

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Skills re-training

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skills-re-training

Identifier

655

Skills upgrading

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skills-upgrading

Identifier

657

Regions:

Europe and Central Asia

Region Image

Anticipating and matching skills needs

Kind:

Event

Start Date:

03 Oct 2016

End Date:

17 Jun 2026

Event Location:

Turin, Italy

EventType:

Course

Language:

Spanish

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spanish

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skpEsp

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Sources:

ILO

The International Labour Organization is the tripartite U.N. agency that promotes Decent Work through employment, social security, labour standards and social dialogue. Its work on skills development is guided by the conceptual framework on Skills to improve productivity, employment growth, and development agreed in 2008 by representatives of Governments, Employers’ Associations and Workers’ Associations. Research, policy advice, and pilot projects and technical cooperation programmes to apply good practices in different circumstances across its 185 member States aims to boost the employability of workers, the productivity and competitiveness of enterprises, and the inclusiveness of economic growth. The ILO Secretariat in offices in 40 countries works with Ministries of Labour, employers’ organizations, and trade unions to integrate skills development into national and sector development strategies in order to better meet current labour market needs and to prepare for the jobs of the future; to expand access to employment-related training so that youth, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups are better able to acquire skills and secure productive and decent work; and to improve the ability of public employment services to provide career guidance, maintain labour exchange services, and deliver active labour market programmes.For more information regarding the ILO’s work on skills and employability go to: http://www.ilo.org/skills/lang--en/index.htm; for ILO/Cinterfor's Knowledge Management Plarform, see: http://www.oitcinterfor.org

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skpILO

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ilo

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Anticipating and matching skills needs

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Knowledge Products:

Skills needs anticipation is a term used to encompass a range of both quantitative and qualitative methods of peering into the future of changing skills needs to try to assess what it might look like.

The main objective of this course is to help participants understand the central importance of identifying current and future skill needs and labour market imbalances in a broader policy framework, and to acquire basic knowledge. Upon completion of the course, participants will have:

-Acquired a good understanding of the drivers of change which impact the demand for skills and the reasons for labour market imbalances and their consequences,
-Discussed critical milestones, questions, objectives, beneficiaries and target groups of anticipating skill needs for the labour market,
-Understood the underlying principles of and the different approaches to skills needs anticipation.

Anticipating and matching skills needs

Subject Tags:

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

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Countries and territories:

Economic groups:

Skills for the international labour market: Bangladesh country report

Type:

Document

Content Type:

Skills for the international labour market: Bangladesh country report

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

Bilateral organizations

The development agencies of many countries make skills development a pillar of their Official Development Assistance – from the perspective of education systems, employment promotion, poverty reduction, and private sector development. Documentation of their experience, evaluations and impact assessments, mission statements, and other knowledge products are made available through the Global KSP.

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skpBiOrg

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bilateral-organizations

Governments

Governments hold a wealth of knowledge on skills development, and are increasingly realizing the value of learning from each others’ experiences. Their policy documents, programme evaluations, and research findings contain their experience and ideas on how to better link skills to employment

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skpGov

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governments

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Migrant workers

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According to the ILO global estimates on migrant workers, there were around 164 million migrant workers in 2017.

Migrant workers contribute to growth and development in their countries of destination, while countries of origin greatly benefit from their remittances and the skills acquired during their migration experience. Yet, many migrant workers face challenges in accessing quality training and decent jobs including under-utilization of skills, a lack of employment or training opportunities, lack of information, and exploitation of low-skilled workers.

To address these challenges, countries need to strengthen skills anticipation systems to inform migration policies, increase access to education and training, and establish bilateral or multilateral recognition of qualifications and skills.

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skpMigWor

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migrant-workers

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

22 Jul 2016

Open

wcmstest4_179459.pdf

Part of a multi-country labour market trend analysis for migrant workers from South Asia to the member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf Labour migration and remittances generated by migrant workers have contributed significantly to the Bangladesh economy for several years. A total of 6.4 million male and female workers with various skills are currently working overseas. The primary destination countries are Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Singapore, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, among others. This report focuses on labour migration trends from Bangladesh to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and Malaysia. The study presents current challenges in terms of matching skill demand and supply and recommends measures to be adopted to improve relevance and quality of training services for Bangladeshi workers who would like to migrate for employment.

Subject Tags:

Labour migration

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labour-migration

Identifier

609

Migrant workers

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migrant-workers

Identifier

681

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Skills recognition

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skills-recognition

Identifier

656

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a strong track record of growth and development, even in times of elevated global uncertainty. A robust demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment exports, resilient remittance inflows, and stable macroeconomic conditions have supported rapid economic growth over the past two decades. A strong recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continued in FY22, although a recent surge in commodity prices has presented new headwinds.

Bangladesh reached lower-middle income status in 2015. It is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries list in 2026. Poverty declined from 43.5 percent in 1991 to 14.3 percent in 2016, based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day (1).

Like many of its Asian neighbours, Bangladesh faces a major challenge trying to develop modern, employability skills for tens of millions of young women and men. It has a large informal sector, which accounts for 94.7 percent of the total employment in 2017 (2). Youth continue to be highly affected by the lack of opportunities, with the share of youth aged 15-24 not in employment, education or training (NEET), estimated at 27.8 percent in 2020 (3).

TVET has a huge role to play in equipping the vast young labour force of 15-29 years referred to as the country’s “demographic dividend” with employability skills and providing enhanced support services to ensure a better transition from school to work. TVET may also contribute to reducing poverty by providing employability skills, particularly to those who drop out of school early and to a large number of unemployed and underemployed adults.

Despite many reform initiatives by the government, the TVET sector needs further strengthening through reform of policies and systems in the labour market. Enhancing industry-relevance of TVET qualifications will furthermore require closer Government cooperation with the private sector. For one and a half decade, the ILO has worked closely with the Government of Bangladesh and its Social Partners to reform the TVET sector and to improve access for people to increase their skills and employability, in particular youth, women and people from other marginalized groups.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had detrimental effects on the TVET sector, due to the nation-wide closure of all educational institutes for one and a half years, starting on 17 March 2020. Most students’ learning was effectively abolished for this duration, and learning and certification was only possible through limited online learning facilities in existence at the time. Only recently has the TVET returned to its prior activity level.

The ILO landmark programmes aim to strengthen and improve the environment for industry skills development, address the mismatch between the supply and demand for skills training, and drive the increased employability of millions of young women and men. ILO’s support to develop the skills system in Bangladesh has focused on skills system governance, development of skills policies and qualifications frameworks; delivery of quality skills training, expanding access to TVET, and involvement by the private sector.

Sources

(1) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview

(2) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/informality/

(3) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/youth/

Country Assessment and Priority (CAP) – Bangladesh strategy for skills and lifelong learning (2022)

Situation Analysis of Bangladesh TVET Sector (2019) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_735704.pdf_

Skills, jobs and sustainable development: global trends, local challenges

Kind:

Event

Start Date:

20 Oct 2016

End Date:

17 Jun 2026

Event Location:

Paris, France

EventType:

Conference

Language:

English

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english

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skpEng

Language Version:

Sources:

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skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

Other sources

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Identifier

skpOSource

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other-sources

Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Identifier

skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Training quality and relevance

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skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

Knowledge Products:

This joint Cedefop-UNESCO global skills conference aims to discuss the implications of global economic trends and market forces for anticipated skill needs and mismatches, and the responses of education and training systems building on labour market intelligence.

The conference will:

- discuss how information on global trends in skill needs is used by countries to review and renew their education and training provisions and how qualifications frameworks (at sector, national, regional and global levels) can support coordination and dialogue between education and training including labour market actors across different regions of the world;
- provide a platform for sharing best practices in skills anticipation and matching approaches and discuss possible ways forward and,
- offer possibilities for setting up and sustaining a modern infrastructure for data collection – a ‘data revolution’ – allowing robust analysis on anticipated skill needs with real-time labour market intelligence, contributing to the effectiveness of informed policy-making.

Global policy priorities, challenges and applicable solutions which can be applied in different regions of the world will be debated by experts in skills, along with representatives of governments and social partners in a series of discussions structured around two key themes:

1. Global trends and skills: common forces, different challenges.
2. Education and training for a global economy: using informed decision-making to adapt to a new landscape.

Skills, jobs and sustainable development: global trends, local challenges

Subject Tags:

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Regions:

Europe and Central Asia

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Countries and territories:

Economic groups:

World youth skills day 2016 – Skills development to improve youth employment

Kind:

Event

Start Date:

15 Jul 2016

End Date:

17 Jun 2026

Event Location:

United Nations Headquarters

EventType:

Event

Language:

French

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french

Identifier

skpFrn

Language Version:

Sources:

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

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Identifier

skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

Topics:

Lifelong learning

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There is a critical need for a greater overall investment in education and training, particularly in developing countries. Education and training investments should be closely linked to economic and employment growth strategies and programmes. Responsibility should be shared between the government (primary responsibility), enterprises, the social partners, and the individual. To make lifelong learning for all a reality, countries will need to make major reforms of their vocational and education and training systems. School-to-work schemes for young people should integrate education with workplace learning. Training systems need to become more flexible and responsive to rapidly changing skill requirements. Reforms should also focus on how learning can be facilitated, not just on training for specific occupational categories.

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skpPSLLL

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lifelong-learning

Training quality and relevance

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Identifier

skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

Youth employability

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Globally, nearly 68 million young women and men are looking for and available for work, and an estimated 123 million young people are working but living in poverty. The number who are not in employment, education or training (NEET) stands at 267 million, a majority of whom are young women. Significantly, young people are three times as likely as adults (25 years and older) to be unemployed.

Skills development is a primary means of enabling young people to make a smooth transition to work. A comprehensive approach is required to integrate young women and men in the labour market, including relevant and quality skills training, labour market information, career guidance and employment services, recognition of prior learning, incorporating entrepreneurship with training and effective skills forecasting. Improved basic education and core work skills are particularly important to enable youth to engage in lifelong learning as well as transition to the labour market.

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skpYoEmp

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youth-employability

Knowledge Products:

Understanding what works to support young people in today’s and tomorrow’s labor market through training and skills development will be key to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, and will be at the center of this high-level event.

Young people are almost three times more likely to be unemployed than adults and continuously exposed to lower quality of jobs, greater labor market inequalities, and longer and more insecure school-to-work transitions. In addition, women are more likely to be underemployed and under-paid, and to undertake part-time jobs or work under temporary contracts.

That is why education and training are key determinants of success in the labor market. But unfortunately, existing systems are failing to address the learning needs of many young people, and surveys of learning outcomes and skills show that a large number of youth have low levels of achievement in basic literacy and numeracy. Skills and jobs for youth feature prominently in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and SDG target 4.4 calls for a substantial increase in the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills

July 15 is World Youth Skills Day, and the United Nations is observing the day with a special event on the theme of “Skills Development to Improve Youth Employment.” Understanding what works to support young people in today’s and tomorrow’s labor market through training and skills development will be key to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, and will be at the center of this high-level event.

World youth skills day 2016 – Skills development to improve youth employment

Subject Tags:

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Youth

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youth

Identifier

319

Regions:

Countries and territories:

Economic groups:

ASEAN in transformation: How technology is changing jobs and enterprises

Type:

Document

Content Type:

ASEAN in transformation: How technology is changing jobs and enterprises

Language:

English

Slug

english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

Employers' organizations

Employers invest in training in order to improve productivity, innovate and adopt new technologies, and compete in changing markets. Case studies and research from individual employers and associations of employers on the Global KSP deal with apprenticeship and workplace skills provision, quality assurance and governance of training institutions, and employers’ roles in anticipating skill needs and in influencing national and sector policies on skills development.

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skpEmp

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employers-organizations

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Identifier

skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Sectoral approaches

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Identifier

skpSectApr

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sectoral-approaches

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

08 Jul 2016

Open

wcmstest4_178060.pdf

This report underlines the challenge before policy makers, enterprises, workers and those that represent them, in navigating the transformative technological changes in Asian labour markets in a way that is socially and economically sustainable.

The report presents a detailed analysis of how technology is transforming five key labour-intensive and economically prominent sectors in ASEAN: the automotive and auto parts; electrical and electronics; textiles, clothing and footwear; business process outsourcing; and retail sectors. It also highlights findings from extensive enterprise and student surveys as well as stakeholder interviews conducted in ASEAN and beyond. It is clear that technologies - both current and forthcoming - will increase productivity, render some occupations obsolete and create new ones. The real question lies in whether ASEAN can take advantage of the benefits technology offers and if it can also adequately prepare its workforce.

Subject Tags:

Employers

Slug

employers

Identifier

672

Information and communication technologies

Slug

information-and-communication-technologies

Identifier

346

Sectoral approaches

Slug

sectoral-approaches

Identifier

676

Skills anticipation

Slug

skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

Skills mismatch

Slug

skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Technology

Slug

technology

Identifier

345

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

Region Image

ASEAN in transformation: The future of jobs at risk of automation

Type:

Document

Content Type:

ASEAN in transformation: The future of jobs at risk of automation

Language:

English

Slug

english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

Employers' organizations

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Identifier

skpEmp

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employers-organizations

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

Slug

ilo

Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Identifier

skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

08 Jul 2016

Open

wcmstest4_178059.pdf

The world is experiencing an unprecedented acceleration in technological advancement and implementation. Indeed, profound shifts are taking place – entire sectors are accommodating these innovations, rendering several human-performed occupations redundant. In the near future, these positions may be eliminated entirely. At the same time, other jobs are experiencing a rapid increase in demand, and some occupations are revising the skill sets they traditionally require.

This report seeks to understand the implication of computerized technology for five Asian economies - Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam - by assessing types of occupations that have a high probability of being automated.

Subject Tags:

Employers

Slug

employers

Identifier

672

Information and communication technologies

Slug

information-and-communication-technologies

Identifier

346

Skills anticipation

Slug

skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

Skills mismatch

Slug

skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Technology

Slug

technology

Identifier

345

Regions: