Asia and the Pacific

Pakistan Employment Trends 2011

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Document

Content Type:

Pakistan Employment Trends 2011

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Governments hold a wealth of knowledge on skills development, and are increasingly realizing the value of learning from each others’ experiences. Their policy documents, programme evaluations, and research findings contain their experience and ideas on how to better link skills to employment

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skpGov

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governments

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Career guidance and employment services

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Career guidance and counselling, career education and lifelong development of skills for employability are key for success in learning activities, effective career transitions, livelihood planning, entrepreneurship and in increasing labour market participation. They are instrumental in promoting skills utilization, recognition (RPL), as well as in improving enterprise human resource management.

Career development activities encompass a wide variety of support activities including career information and advice, counselling, work exposure (e.g. job shadowing, work experience periods), assessment, coaching, mentoring, professional networking, advocacy, basic and employability skills training (curricular and non-curricular) and entrepreneurship training. It is often an area which is fragmented across different ministries (e.g. education, TVET, employment, youth) requiring an effort to achieve the necessary coordination to provide adequate support to individuals during learning, employment and unemployment/inactivity periods.

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skpLMIES

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career-guidance-and-employment-services

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues.

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

22 Nov 2016

Open

wcmstest4_185293.pdf

Full, productive and decent employment for all is a priority area for the government of Pakistan. The availability of relevant and up- to- date information is a pre-requisite to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive employment in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.

Pakistan Employment Trends 2011 is a comprehensive report regarding progress towards achieving Millennium Development Goals target 1b “full and productive employment and decent work for all”. In this report, both quantitative and qualitative aspects of existing employment in the country have been analyzed as well as its comparability in the region. This report provides information for making necessary national policies for the creation of quality employment to perform decent work in Pakistan.

Efforts have been made to make this report a comprehensive, informative and useful document for decision-makers, researchers, planners, economists and other beneficiaries at large. Suggestions are, however, welcome for its further improvement.

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Regions:

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Countries and territories:

Pakistan

Moving out of the bottom of the economy? Constraints to firm transition in the Indian informal manufacturing sector

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Document

Content Type:

															Moving out of the bottom of the economy? Constraints to firm transition in the Indian informal manufacturing sector 
													

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English

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english

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skpEng

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Other sources

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

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skpOSource

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other-sources

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Promotional material

Presentations, discussion papers, meeting reports, promotional materials, videos, fact sheets, brochures and newsletters on skills development for employment.

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skpAIM

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promotional-material

Publication Date:

18 Nov 2016

Open

wcmstest4_185093.pdf

The predominant type of firms in developing countries is small family firms and the self-employed in the informal sector. Very few family firms make the transition to larger firms employing non-family labour. In this paper, we examine the reasons for the low presence of firms employing non-family labour in the informal sector, using a firm-level data set drawn from nationally representative repeated cross-sectional surveys of the Indian informal manufacturing sector. We find that the key constraint to firm transition is firm capabilities, followed by the level of urbanisation, access to electricity and roads, and human capital, with financial constraints playing a lesser role.

DOI 10.1186/s40175-016-0056-8

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Enterprises

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enterprises

Identifier

175

Informal economy

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informal-economy

Identifier

187

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

India

Independent evaluation of ILO’s strategy and actions to promote skills development for jobs and growth (2010–2015)

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Document

Content Type:

															Independent evaluation of ILO’s strategy and actions to promote skills development for jobs and growth (2010–2015)
													

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English

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english

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skpEng

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ILO

The International Labour Organization is the tripartite U.N. agency that promotes Decent Work through employment, social security, labour standards and social dialogue. Its work on skills development is guided by the conceptual framework on Skills to improve productivity, employment growth, and development agreed in 2008 by representatives of Governments, Employers’ Associations and Workers’ Associations. Research, policy advice, and pilot projects and technical cooperation programmes to apply good practices in different circumstances across its 185 member States aims to boost the employability of workers, the productivity and competitiveness of enterprises, and the inclusiveness of economic growth. The ILO Secretariat in offices in 40 countries works with Ministries of Labour, employers’ organizations, and trade unions to integrate skills development into national and sector development strategies in order to better meet current labour market needs and to prepare for the jobs of the future; to expand access to employment-related training so that youth, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups are better able to acquire skills and secure productive and decent work; and to improve the ability of public employment services to provide career guidance, maintain labour exchange services, and deliver active labour market programmes.For more information regarding the ILO’s work on skills and employability go to: http://www.ilo.org/skills/lang--en/index.htm; for ILO/Cinterfor's Knowledge Management Plarform, see: http://www.oitcinterfor.org

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skpILO

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ilo

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Evaluation reports

Analytical assessments of technical cooperation programmes and national skills and employment policies, identifying success factors of different interventions in response to particular challenges in different circumstances.

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skpEvalRep

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evaluation-reports

Publication Date:

15 Nov 2016

Open

wcmstest4_184902.pdf

Skills development increases the employability of workers, the competitiveness of enterprises and the inclusiveness of growth. This high-level evaluation explores the extent to which the ILO’s strategy, programme approach and interventions to promote skills development for jobs growth achieved their intended results from 2010-15. It also aims to facilitate the alignment of the ILO’s skills-related work with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and informs the development of the strategic plan 2018-21. The evaluation identifies recommendations for improving the ILO’s skills-related work and reflects on lessons learned and emerging good practices in an effort to contribute to organizational learning.

Subject Tags:

Economic growth

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economic-growth

Identifier

166

Employability

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employability

Identifier

643

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

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666

Sustainable development

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sustainable-development

Identifier

658

Regions:

Africa

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Americas

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Arab States

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Asia and the Pacific

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Europe and Central Asia

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Global

Background note for the Special Plenary Debate - Skills for the Future, 6 - 9 December

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Document

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															Background note for the Special Plenary Debate - Skills for the Future, 6 - 9 December
													

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English

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english

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skpEng

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ILO

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skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Anticipating and building skills for the future is essential to a rapidly changing labour market. This applies to changes in the types and levels of skills needed as well as in occupational and technical areas. Effective methods to anticipate future skills needs and avoid potential mismatches include: sustained dialogue between employers and trainers, coordination across government institutions, labour market information systems, employment services and performance reviews of training institutions.

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Knowledge Products:

Promotional material

Presentations, discussion papers, meeting reports, promotional materials, videos, fact sheets, brochures and newsletters on skills development for employment.

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Identifier

skpAIM

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promotional-material

Publication Date:

04 Nov 2016

Open

wcmstest4_184493.pdf

16th Asia and the Pacific Regional Meeting Bali, Indonesia, 6 - 9 December 2016 This document, which supplements the Report of the Director-General to the 16th Asia-Pacific Regional Meeting (Geneva, 2016), has been prepared as an additional resource for the Special Plenary Debate titled: 'Skills for the Future'.

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Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

TVET systems

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tvet-systems

Identifier

661

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Skills development in Bangladesh

Type:

Document

Content Type:

Skills development in Bangladesh

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

Other sources

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Identifier

skpOSource

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other-sources

Topics:

Training quality and relevance

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skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

Knowledge Products:

Promotional material

Presentations, discussion papers, meeting reports, promotional materials, videos, fact sheets, brochures and newsletters on skills development for employment.

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Identifier

skpAIM

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promotional-material

Publication Date:

26 Oct 2016

Open

wcmstest4_184102.pdf

The demographic dividend that has been created in Bangladesh has produced a large working-age population that will need adequate education to support a modernizing economy. A demographic dividend is a period in which a proportionally large working-age population results from the rapid fall in birth rates. In Bangladesh, this phenomenon has been occurring since the 1970s. The large working-age population implies that if decent employment opportunities are available, the country can be more productive collectively, as more people contribute to overall economic activity. Within that context, this brief provides a snapshot of skills development issues pertinent in Bangladesh.

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Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

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666

Vocational training

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vocational-training

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124

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a strong track record of growth and development, even in times of elevated global uncertainty. A robust demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment exports, resilient remittance inflows, and stable macroeconomic conditions have supported rapid economic growth over the past two decades. A strong recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continued in FY22, although a recent surge in commodity prices has presented new headwinds.

Bangladesh reached lower-middle income status in 2015. It is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries list in 2026. Poverty declined from 43.5 percent in 1991 to 14.3 percent in 2016, based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day (1).

Like many of its Asian neighbours, Bangladesh faces a major challenge trying to develop modern, employability skills for tens of millions of young women and men. It has a large informal sector, which accounts for 94.7 percent of the total employment in 2017 (2). Youth continue to be highly affected by the lack of opportunities, with the share of youth aged 15-24 not in employment, education or training (NEET), estimated at 27.8 percent in 2020 (3).

TVET has a huge role to play in equipping the vast young labour force of 15-29 years referred to as the country’s “demographic dividend” with employability skills and providing enhanced support services to ensure a better transition from school to work. TVET may also contribute to reducing poverty by providing employability skills, particularly to those who drop out of school early and to a large number of unemployed and underemployed adults.

Despite many reform initiatives by the government, the TVET sector needs further strengthening through reform of policies and systems in the labour market. Enhancing industry-relevance of TVET qualifications will furthermore require closer Government cooperation with the private sector. For one and a half decade, the ILO has worked closely with the Government of Bangladesh and its Social Partners to reform the TVET sector and to improve access for people to increase their skills and employability, in particular youth, women and people from other marginalized groups.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had detrimental effects on the TVET sector, due to the nation-wide closure of all educational institutes for one and a half years, starting on 17 March 2020. Most students’ learning was effectively abolished for this duration, and learning and certification was only possible through limited online learning facilities in existence at the time. Only recently has the TVET returned to its prior activity level.

The ILO landmark programmes aim to strengthen and improve the environment for industry skills development, address the mismatch between the supply and demand for skills training, and drive the increased employability of millions of young women and men. ILO’s support to develop the skills system in Bangladesh has focused on skills system governance, development of skills policies and qualifications frameworks; delivery of quality skills training, expanding access to TVET, and involvement by the private sector.

Sources

(1) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview

(2) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/informality/

(3) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/youth/

Country Assessment and Priority (CAP) – Bangladesh strategy for skills and lifelong learning (2022)

Situation Analysis of Bangladesh TVET Sector (2019) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_735704.pdf_

Gender equality and women’s rights in Myanmar: A situation analysis

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Document

Content Type:

Gender equality and women’s rights in Myanmar: A situation analysis

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English

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english

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skpEng

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Other sources

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skpOSource

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other-sources

Topics:

Gender equality

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Women represent both half of the world's population – and half the world's economic potential. Their participation in the labour market reduces poverty because they often invest 90 per cent of their income in the well-being, education and nutrition of their families. Yet labour force participation by women has stagnated at about 55 per cent globally since 2010. Moreover, women are disproportionately represented in precarious work – low-paid, low-skilled and insecure jobs.

Training plays an important role in the pursuit of equality of opportunity and treatment for women and men in the world of work. Yet women often lack access to technical and vocational education and training. Many also lack the basic functional skills, such as literacy and numeracy, to participate meaningfully in the work force. Overcoming this challenge requires the adoption of a life-cycle approach. This includes improving girls’ access to basic education; overcoming logistic, economic and cultural barriers to apprenticeships and to secondary and vocational training for young women; and meeting the training needs of women re-entering the labour market and of older women who have not had equal access to opportunities for lifelong learning.

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skpGenEqul

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gender-equality

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

26 Oct 2016

Open

wcmstest4_184104.pdf

This gender situation analysis report provides an analysis of the progress and challenges in Myanmar toward realizing gender equality and women’s rights. The analysis underscores how socioeconomic and political changes can contribute to a more sustainable and prosperous society if they are crafted and implemented with the ambition of gender equality and the realization of women’s rights at their core. For instance, providing affordable, accessible, and quality childcare services and investing in safe and affordable labor-saving domestic appliances can free up women’s time for paid work and skills training. By investing in measures that promote women’s economic inclusion, society not only benefits economically but also through multiple other direct and indirect social benefits. It is important to raise employers’ awareness on gender equality measures in the workplace and accountability for the same.

This report presents a compendium of data in critical areas of women’s lives to guide gender-sensitive policies and programs, including Myanmar’s reform agenda and the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women.

Subject Tags:

Globalization

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globalization

Identifier

267

Women

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women

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318

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Myanmar

VET: Securing skills for growth

Type:

Document

Content Type:

VET: Securing skills for growth

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

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Other sources

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skpOSource

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other-sources

Topics:

Training quality and relevance

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skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

25 Oct 2016

Open

wcmstest4_184101.pdf

This report examines the role of vocational education and training (VET) in meeting the skills required for Australia's growth. It addresses the following questions: What is the role of VET within the broader education strategy of Australia? What role does VET play in securing Australia's future skills? What outcomes are required from the VET system? In examining these questions, the report seeks to assess the current outcomes of the sector and propose ways the VET system could be improved in order to meet the skills Australia will require for growth.

Subject Tags:

TVET systems

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tvet-systems

Identifier

661

Vocational training

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vocational-training

Identifier

124

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Australia

From Pakistan to the Gulf region: An analysis of links between labour markets, skills and the migration cycle

Type:

Document

Content Type:

															From Pakistan to the Gulf region: An analysis of links between labour markets, skills and the migration cycle
													

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

Bilateral organizations

The development agencies of many countries make skills development a pillar of their Official Development Assistance – from the perspective of education systems, employment promotion, poverty reduction, and private sector development. Documentation of their experience, evaluations and impact assessments, mission statements, and other knowledge products are made available through the Global KSP.

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skpBiOrg

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bilateral-organizations

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Migrant workers

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According to the ILO global estimates on migrant workers, there were around 164 million migrant workers in 2017.

Migrant workers contribute to growth and development in their countries of destination, while countries of origin greatly benefit from their remittances and the skills acquired during their migration experience. Yet, many migrant workers face challenges in accessing quality training and decent jobs including under-utilization of skills, a lack of employment or training opportunities, lack of information, and exploitation of low-skilled workers.

To address these challenges, countries need to strengthen skills anticipation systems to inform migration policies, increase access to education and training, and establish bilateral or multilateral recognition of qualifications and skills.

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skpMigWor

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migrant-workers

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

20 Oct 2016

Open

wcmstest4_183892.pdf

Despite the substantial benefits generated by the migration flow between Pakistan and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, many challenges remain to ensure a fairer distribution of the triple-win profits. Much has been written on the abuses of migrant workers during recruitment and employment throughout the migration cycle, but less is known about labour demand, its relationship to skills and the impact of the recruitment process on these aspects.

Lack of information regarding qualifications, skills, wages and how demand will evolve inhibits informed decision-making by public and private institutions as well as by migrant workers. This results in lost opportunities or mistakes in strategy planning in and between source and recipient countries. For instance, there is no system of mutual recognition of educational attainment and acquired skills based on comparable standards for low-skilled or semi-skilled occupations. This report addresses some of these issues, with a special focus on the role of skills in Pakistan, including skills training, certification, skills matching and recruitment practices.

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Migrant workers

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migrant-workers

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681

Migration policy

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migration-policy

Identifier

309

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Skills recognition

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skills-recognition

Identifier

656

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Pakistan

Employment and skills strategies in Southeast Asia: Setting the Scene

Type:

Document

Content Type:

Employment and skills strategies in Southeast Asia: Setting the Scene

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

Information is gathered from other international organizations that promote skills development and the transition from education and training to work. The Interagency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET) was established in 2009 to share research findings, coordinate joint research endeavours, and improve collaboration among organizations working at the international and national levels.

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skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

Topics:

Training quality and relevance

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Identifier

skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

12 Oct 2016

Open

wcmstest4_183284.pdf

The Southeast Asian region has experienced some of the highest growth rates in the world, with investments in skills playing a significant role in helping national economies to adjust to changes in working practices, advances in technology, and challenges associated with globalisation. In some countries this process has been more successfully managed and significant advances have been achieved in growth rates and employment levels, but in others it has resulted in stagnation of economic sectors, underemployment, rising unemployment levels and social exclusion for large sections of the society.

This report identifies and discusses employment and skills strategies in Southeast Asia. The report is divided into five sections. Section two, following the introduction, discusses the economic and labour market context. Section three discusses key issues for employment and skills development. Section four discusses policy responses and initiatives; and section five briefly suggests key issues of employment and skills development in Southeast Asia for further discussion and analysis.

DOI: 10.1787/5kmbjglh34r5-en

Subject Tags:

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

Identifier

666

Skills mismatch

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skills-mismatch

Identifier

654

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Is there a size-induced market failure in skills training?

Type:

Document

Content Type:

Is there a size-induced market failure in skills training?

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

Other sources

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Identifier

skpOSource

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other-sources

Topics:

Access to training

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Access for all to good quality education, vocational training and workplace learning is a fundamental principle of social cohesion and economic growth. Some groups of people may require targeted attention if they are to benefit from education, training and employment opportunities.

This is particularly the case for disadvantaged youth, lower skilled workers, people with disabilities, and people in rural communities. The attractiveness of vocational education and training is enhanced when combined with entrepreneurship training and when public policies encourage utilization of higher skills by business.

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skpATSU

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access-to-training

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

03 Oct 2016

Open

wcmstest4_182883.pdf

A skilled and educated workforce can support the competitiveness of enterprises of all sizes. However, smaller firms may face greater challenges in developing human capital. This report explores the differences between smaller and larger firms in offering skills training and in hiring workers with more formal education. Drawing on a dataset of enterprises in five Asian countries, the report finds major size-based differences in education and training. While smaller firms train less, they also are less inclined to view an inadequately skilled workforce as a major constraint on their operations. It may be that smaller firms are content to occupy niches in a low-skills equilibrium. The empirical results do offer the possibility, however, that a size-induced market failure in skills training may coexist with a lower regard for skills. The policy implications are not only that governments can reduce the costs for firms to train, but also that micro and small firms need to be sensitized to the benefits of skills upgrading.

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