Skip to main content

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124

Adult education in Europe 2015: A civil society view

Adult education in Europe 2015: A civil society view

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Adult education in Europe 2015: A civil society view
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Other sources

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpOSource
Slug
other-sources
Topics:

Lifelong learning

Thumbnail

There is a critical need for a greater overall investment in education and training, particularly in developing countries. Education and training investments should be closely linked to economic and employment growth strategies and programmes. Responsibility should be shared between the government (primary responsibility), enterprises, the social partners, and the individual. To make lifelong learning for all a reality, countries will need to make major reforms of their vocational and education and training systems. School-to-work schemes for young people should integrate education with workplace learning. Training systems need to become more flexible and responsive to rapidly changing skill requirements. Reforms should also focus on how learning can be facilitated, not just on training for specific occupational categories.

Identifier
skpPSLLL
Slug
lifelong-learning

Older workers

Thumbnail

Access for all to good quality education, vocational training and workplace learning is a fundamental principle of social cohesion and economic growth. Some groups of people may require targeted attention if they are to benefit from education, training and employment opportunities.

This is particularly the case for disadvantaged youth, lower skilled workers, people with disabilities, and people in rural communities. The attractiveness of vocational education and training is enhanced when combined with entrepreneurship training and when public policies encourage utilization of higher skills by business.

Identifier
skpOldwor
Slug
older-workers
Knowledge Products:

Case studies and good practices

Case studies that document good practices and illustrate the benefits and lessons learnt of particular approaches or methods in real practice. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpCaseStdy
Slug
case-studies-and-good-practices

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
18 Nov 2015
As a result of the European economic crisis, the conditions in many European labour markets are still tense, especially for low-educated and low-qualified people. Many projects were established to enable these people to (re-)integrate into society and economy through the provision of basic skills. A second crucial goal of programmes aiming at low-educated learners is to (re-)familiarize them with learning. Many people of this target group weren’t reached by the formal education system. That’s why nonformal adult education providers took up the mission to support their participants in gaining new skills. This report presents a summary of the current situation.
Subject Tags:

Apprenticeships

Slug
apprenticeships
Identifier
639

Lifelong learning

Slug
lifelong-learning
Identifier
400

Older workers

Slug
older-workers
Identifier
682

Skills re-training

Slug
skills-re-training
Identifier
655

Skills recognition

Slug
skills-recognition
Identifier
656

Skills upgrading

Slug
skills-upgrading
Identifier
657

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:

Demand for skills: Main results of the Azerbaijan STEP employer survey

Demand for skills: Main results of the Azerbaijan STEP employer survey

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Demand for skills: Main results of the Azerbaijan STEP employer survey
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

International organizations

Information is gathered from other international organizations that promote skills development and the transition from education and training to work. The Interagency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET) was established in 2009 to share research findings, coordinate joint research endeavours, and improve collaboration among organizations working at the international and national levels.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpIntOrg
Slug
international-organizations
Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

Thumbnail

Anticipating and building skills for the future is essential to a rapidly changing labour market. This applies to changes in the types and levels of skills needed as well as in occupational and technical areas. Effective methods to anticipate future skills needs and avoid potential mismatches include: sustained dialogue between employers and trainers, coordination across government institutions, labour market information systems, employment services and performance reviews of training institutions. 

Identifier
skpAFSN
Slug
anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Lifelong learning

Thumbnail

There is a critical need for a greater overall investment in education and training, particularly in developing countries. Education and training investments should be closely linked to economic and employment growth strategies and programmes. Responsibility should be shared between the government (primary responsibility), enterprises, the social partners, and the individual. To make lifelong learning for all a reality, countries will need to make major reforms of their vocational and education and training systems. School-to-work schemes for young people should integrate education with workplace learning. Training systems need to become more flexible and responsive to rapidly changing skill requirements. Reforms should also focus on how learning can be facilitated, not just on training for specific occupational categories.

Identifier
skpPSLLL
Slug
lifelong-learning
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
10 Nov 2015
This note summarizes the main findings of the STEP Employer Skills Survey carried out in Azerbaijan in 2013. The note argues that there is a skills shortage in Azerbaijan. Azeri employers claim that it is difficult to find workers with the required skills. The shortage is particularly pronounced in the case of modern, innovative firms, which tend to required more advanced skills. The education system does not meet the needs of the majority of employers. In particular, it does not equip young workers with the practical skills that are required in the workplace, and with knowledge that is up-to-date.

The note finds that employers seek not only technical, job-specific skills but also cognitive skills (such as literacy, numeracy and problem solving) and adequate socio-behavioural skills (such as communication, teamwork, leadership and ability to work independently).
Subject Tags:

School-to-work transition

Slug
school-to-work-transition
Identifier
652

Skills anticipation

Slug
skills-anticipation
Identifier
677

Skills mismatch

Slug
skills-mismatch
Identifier
654

Technology

Slug
technology
Identifier
345

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124

Youth

Slug
youth
Identifier
319
Regions:
Countries and territories:

Private sector contribution to the provision of relevant skills development in Uganda

Private sector contribution to the provision of relevant skills development in Uganda

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Private sector contribution to the provision of relevant skills development in Uganda
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Governments

Governments hold a wealth of knowledge on skills development, and are increasingly realizing the value of learning from each others’ experiences. Their policy documents, programme evaluations, and research findings contain their experience and ideas on how to better link skills to employment

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpGov
Slug
governments
Topics:

Access to training

Thumbnail

Access for all to good quality education, vocational training and workplace learning is a fundamental principle of social cohesion and economic growth. Some groups of people may require targeted attention if they are to benefit from education, training and employment opportunities.  

This is particularly the case for disadvantaged youth, lower skilled workers, people with disabilities, and people in rural communities. The attractiveness of vocational education and training is enhanced when combined with entrepreneurship training and when public policies encourage utilization of higher skills by business. 
 

Identifier
skpATSU
Slug
access-to-training

Participation of employers' and workers' organizations

Thumbnail

The world of learning and the world of work are separate but linked. While one involves learning, the other produces goods and services. Neither can thrive without the other. Strong partnerships between government, employers and workers help ensure the relevance of training to the changing needs of enterprises and labour markets. 

Identifier
skpPSP
Slug
participation-of-employers-and-workers-organizations
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
04 Nov 2015
Skills development for enhanced productivity and development is only possible within national economic development policies and plans. As Uganda strategically positions itself for takeoff under Vision 2040, it is absolutely necessary that the country gets the fundamentals right. One of the fundamentals that Uganda has got right so far is establishing macro-economic stability through revitalized and vibrant private enterprises, playing a leading role in all sectors of the economy.

This paper looks at the current framework of private sector participation in skills development, discusses the policy issues around private sector contribution to skills development and makes some recommendations for strengthening and streamlining this contribution.
Subject Tags:

Apprenticeships

Slug
apprenticeships
Identifier
639

Economic growth

Slug
economic-growth
Identifier
166

Industrial development

Slug
industrial-development
Identifier
214

Internships

Slug
internships
Identifier
648

Private sector

Slug
private-sector
Identifier
229

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:

Africa

Region Image
Countries and territories:

Ireland: Further Education and Training Strategy 2014-2019

Ireland: Further Education and Training Strategy 2014-2019

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Ireland: Further Education and Training Strategy 2014-2019
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Governments

Governments hold a wealth of knowledge on skills development, and are increasingly realizing the value of learning from each others’ experiences. Their policy documents, programme evaluations, and research findings contain their experience and ideas on how to better link skills to employment

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpGov
Slug
governments
Topics:

Training quality and relevance

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpTrainQR
Slug
training-quality-and-relevance
Knowledge Products:

National policies and initiatives

National legislation, policies and initiatives on the issue of training and skills development and the world of work. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpNatPol
Slug
national-policies-and-initiatives
Publication Date:
31 Oct 2015
The Further Education and Training (FET) Strategy is intended to provide a framework for the establishment and development of a strong FET sector in Ireland. It aims to deliver a higher quality learning experience leading to better outcomes for all those who engage in FET. The strategy presents a roadmap and implementation plan to realise the vision of a world-class integrated system of further education and training in Ireland which will: support economic development; increase social inclusion; and meet the needs of all learners, communities and employers who engage with FET. The strategy is set within a context of Government reform of public services.
Subject Tags:

Entrepreneurship

Slug
entrepreneurship
Identifier
182

Inclusion

Slug
inclusion
Identifier
665

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:
Countries and territories:

Vocational education and training in Luxembourg: Short description

Vocational education and training in Luxembourg: Short description

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Vocational education and training in Luxembourg: Short description
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Other sources

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpOSource
Slug
other-sources
Topics:

Training quality and relevance

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpTrainQR
Slug
training-quality-and-relevance
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
24 Oct 2015
Luxembourg’s vocational education and training (VET) is highly differentiated. Apprenticeships and school-based VET coexist. While some features may seem similar to those in other countries, taking a closer look is important to understand national concepts and terms. Luxembourg’s education and training system reflects its geographic and socioeconomic context: its small size, the close ties with its neighbours, its multilingual nature and high share of foreign nationals, and the well-established cooperation with social partners. Recently implemented reform has strengthened the links to the labour market and brought about a shift towards competence-based and modular vocational programmes. The implementation of this reform has also revealed weaknesses in the system; evaluation of the reform will provide stakeholders with evidence of a need for further changes.

By providing an insight into its main features and highlighting related policy developments and challenges, this short description contributes to better understanding of VET in Luxembourg.

Cedefop information series. http://dx.doi.org/10.2801/741212
Subject Tags:

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:
Countries and territories:

Apprenticeship review: Lithuania: Signposting the apprenticeship path in Lithuania

Apprenticeship review: Lithuania: Signposting the apprenticeship path in Lithuania

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Apprenticeship review: Lithuania: Signposting the apprenticeship path in Lithuania
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Other sources

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpOSource
Slug
other-sources
Topics:
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
16 Oct 2015
The publication is the final report of the thematic country review of apprenticeship in Lithuania. The report is based on information and views gathered in consultation with stakeholders in Lithuania (representatives of ministries, social partners, VET providers, companies, students, teachers and trainers). The review took place between May 2014 and March 2015 at the request of the Ministry of Education and Science of Lithuania. The report presents analysis of findings on main features, enablers and challenges of apprenticeship in Lithuanian VET, including the views of stakeholders at different levels. It proposes four directions for action to make apprenticeship a reality in the country: clarifying the vision, building on the enablers, improving information and communication about apprenticeship, and fine-tuning regulation on the way.
Subject Tags:

TVET systems

Slug
tvet-systems
Identifier
661

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:
Countries and territories:

Assessing advances and challenges in technical education in Brazil

Assessing advances and challenges in technical education in Brazil

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Assessing advances and challenges in technical education in Brazil
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

International organizations

Information is gathered from other international organizations that promote skills development and the transition from education and training to work. The Interagency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET) was established in 2009 to share research findings, coordinate joint research endeavours, and improve collaboration among organizations working at the international and national levels.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpIntOrg
Slug
international-organizations
Topics:

Monitoring and evaluation

Thumbnail

Measuring the outcomes of skills systems, policies and targeted programmes is essential in order to monitor and improve their effectiveness and relevance. Elements of sound assessment processes include: institutions to sustain feedback from employers and trainees; mechanisms to track labour market outcomes of training and systems of accountability that use this information; and, quantitative and qualitative labour market information and its dissemination to all stakeholders.

Identifier
skpPolPer
Slug
monitoring-and-evaluation
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
13 Oct 2015
The report maps institutions and policies in vocational and technical education and training in Brazil and assesses recent advances and challenges in their delivery. The report is based on interviews with clients and stakeholders, including MEC-SETEC (Secretaria de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica—Office of Vocational and Technological Education), and a review of secondary materials. The report has two main goals. First, it seeks to lay out Brazil’s system of VET, describing the policies and institutions involved in its delivery, but with a special focus on the upper secondary level (cursos técnicos de nível médio, hereafter simply technical education).1 Second, it seeks to identify challenges constraining the effective delivery of VET and suggests relevant international good practices for overcoming selected issues. It concludes with specific recommendations for the implementation of PRONATEC.
Subject Tags:

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:

Americas

Region Image
Countries and territories:

Innovative strategies in technical and vocational education and training for accelerated human resource development in South Asia: Bangladesh

Innovative strategies in technical and vocational education and training for accelerated human resource development in South Asia: Bangladesh

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Innovative strategies in technical and vocational education and training for accelerated human resource development in South Asia: Bangladesh
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Other sources

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpOSource
Slug
other-sources
Topics:

Training quality and relevance

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpTrainQR
Slug
training-quality-and-relevance
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
12 Oct 2015
This publication is part of a series of six country reports on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and higher education in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Each report presents current arrangements and initiatives in the respective country’s skills development strategies. These are complemented by critical analyses to determine key issues, challenges, and opportunities for innovative strategies toward global competitiveness, increased productivity, and inclusive growth. The emphasis is to make skills training more relevant, efficient, and responsive to emerging domestic and international labor markets.
Subject Tags:

Human resources development

Slug
human-resources-development
Identifier
118

Skills and training policy

Slug
skills-and-training-policy
Identifier
666

TVET systems

Slug
tvet-systems
Identifier
661

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:
Countries and territories:

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a strong track record of growth and development, even in times of elevated global uncertainty.  A robust demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment exports, resilient remittance inflows, and stable macroeconomic conditions have supported rapid economic growth over the past two decades. A strong recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continued in FY22, although a recent surge in commodity prices has presented new headwinds. 

Bangladesh reached lower-middle income status in 2015. It is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries list in 2026. Poverty declined from 43.5 percent in 1991 to 14.3 percent in 2016, based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day (1).  

Like many of its Asian neighbours, Bangladesh faces a major challenge trying to develop modern, employability skills for tens of millions of young women and men. It has a large informal sector, which accounts for 94.7 percent of the total employment in 2017 (2). Youth continue to be highly affected by the lack of opportunities, with the share of youth aged 15-24 not in employment, education or training (NEET), estimated at 27.8 percent in 2020 (3). 

TVET has a huge role to play in equipping the vast young labour force of 15-29 years referred to as the country’s “demographic dividend” with employability skills and providing enhanced support services to ensure a better transition from school to work. TVET may also contribute to reducing poverty by providing employability skills, particularly to those who drop out of school early and to a large number of unemployed and underemployed adults.  

Despite many reform initiatives by the government, the TVET sector needs further strengthening through reform of policies and systems in the labour market.  Enhancing industry-relevance of TVET qualifications will furthermore require closer Government cooperation with the private sector. For one and a half decade, the ILO has worked closely with the Government of Bangladesh and its Social Partners to reform the TVET sector and to improve access for people to increase their skills and employability, in particular youth, women and people from other marginalized groups. 

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had detrimental effects on the TVET sector, due to the nation-wide closure of all educational institutes for one and a half years, starting on 17 March 2020.  Most students’ learning was effectively abolished for this duration, and learning and certification was only possible through limited online learning facilities in existence at the time. Only recently has the TVET returned to its prior activity level. 

The ILO landmark programmes aim to strengthen and improve the environment for industry skills development, address the mismatch between the supply and demand for skills training, and drive the increased employability of millions of young women and men. ILO’s support to develop the skills system in Bangladesh has focused on skills system governance, development of skills policies and qualifications frameworks; delivery of quality skills training, expanding access to TVET, and involvement by the private sector.    

 

Sources 

(1) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview

(2) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/informality/

(3) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/youth/

Country Assessment and Priority (CAP) – Bangladesh strategy for skills and lifelong learning (2022)

Situation Analysis of Bangladesh TVET Sector (2019) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_735704.pdf_

Skills for the creative industries

Skills for the creative industries

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Skills for the creative industries
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

International organizations

Information is gathered from other international organizations that promote skills development and the transition from education and training to work. The Interagency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET) was established in 2009 to share research findings, coordinate joint research endeavours, and improve collaboration among organizations working at the international and national levels.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpIntOrg
Slug
international-organizations
Topics:

Other topic

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpOIssue
Slug
other-topic
Knowledge Products:

Promotional material

Presentations, discussion papers, meeting reports, promotional materials, videos, fact sheets, brochures and newsletters on skills development for employment.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpAIM
Slug
promotional-material
Publication Date:
07 Oct 2015
Report of the UNESCO-UNEVOC online conference, 29 September - 10 October 2014 The report summarizes the discussions that were held during a two-week virtual conference on the UNEVOC e-Forum in autumn 2014. It brought together 153 participants from 64 countries. The virtual conference stimulated debate and information sharing, and increased participants’ understanding of TVET’s place in creative industries. It was moderated by Paul Collard, Chief Executive at Creativity, Culture and Education (CCE), an international foundation dedicated to promoting creativity among children and young people through education.

The virtual conference report explores questions related to, amongst other things, the required skills for creative industries, the relationship between creative economies and TVET, the role of creativity in TVET, the different vocational pathways to creative jobs and the nature of creative jobs and economies. In order to answer these questions, the report not only summarises the evidence considered and the conclusions reached during the virtual conference, but supplements these informative insights with additional information drawing on international research. The report reflects the general sentiment that creative skills should be valued and that there is a need for such skills to be nurtured across all industries.
Subject Tags:

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions:

Work-based learning in continuing vocational education and training: Policies and practices in Europe

Work-based learning in continuing vocational education and training: Policies and practices in Europe

Type:
Document
Content Type:
Work-based learning in continuing vocational education and training: Policies and practices in Europe
Language:

English

Slug
english
Identifier
skpEng
Sources:

Other sources

Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpOSource
Slug
other-sources
Topics:

Lifelong learning

Thumbnail

There is a critical need for a greater overall investment in education and training, particularly in developing countries. Education and training investments should be closely linked to economic and employment growth strategies and programmes. Responsibility should be shared between the government (primary responsibility), enterprises, the social partners, and the individual. To make lifelong learning for all a reality, countries will need to make major reforms of their vocational and education and training systems. School-to-work schemes for young people should integrate education with workplace learning. Training systems need to become more flexible and responsive to rapidly changing skill requirements. Reforms should also focus on how learning can be facilitated, not just on training for specific occupational categories.

Identifier
skpPSLLL
Slug
lifelong-learning
Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues. 

Thumbnail
Identifier
skpRPS
Slug
research-papers
Publication Date:
06 Oct 2015
The objective of this study is to improve the understanding of policies and practices of work-based learning (WBL) in continuing vocational education and training (CVET) in Europe.

The report provides information on what WBL in CVET is (Chapter 1) and gives insights into the statistical landscape of WBL in CVET in Europe (Chapter 2). It analyses European and national policies on WBL in CVET, proposes a typology of national policies and illustrates how they shape practices (Chapter 3). What is more, it reveals which forms and patterns of WBL are used for CVET (Chapter 4), shows what different stakeholders perceive as main advantages, needs and challenges (Chapter 5), and ends with conclusions and key messages (Chapter 6).

The study was carried out in six European countries (Bulgaria, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden and UK-England), with a focus on medium-sized enterprises (50 to 249 employees) in selected sectors. Research methods included (a) desk research; (b) interviews with national stakeholders (social partner representatives, policy-makers and academic experts), training providers and enterprises (c) a Delphi survey with experts.
Subject Tags:

Human resources development

Slug
human-resources-development
Identifier
118

Lifelong learning

Slug
lifelong-learning
Identifier
400

Vocational training

Slug
vocational-training
Identifier
124
Regions: