Asia and the Pacific

ASEAN youth technology, skills and the future of work

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Document

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ASEAN youth technology, skills and the future of work

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Experts from many international, regional and national agencies generously share their views, experiences and findings on skills, helping policy-makers among other stakeholders to understand the linkages between education, training and the world of work, and how to integrate skills into national development planning to promote employment and economic growth.

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other-sources

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Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Anticipating and building skills for the future is essential to a rapidly changing labour market. This applies to changes in the types and levels of skills needed as well as in occupational and technical areas. Effective methods to anticipate future skills needs and avoid potential mismatches include: sustained dialogue between employers and trainers, coordination across government institutions, labour market information systems, employment services and performance reviews of training institutions.

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Training quality and relevance

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skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

Youth employability

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Globally, nearly 68 million young women and men are looking for and available for work, and an estimated 123 million young people are working but living in poverty. The number who are not in employment, education or training (NEET) stands at 267 million, a majority of whom are young women. Significantly, young people are three times as likely as adults (25 years and older) to be unemployed.

Skills development is a primary means of enabling young people to make a smooth transition to work. A comprehensive approach is required to integrate young women and men in the labour market, including relevant and quality skills training, labour market information, career guidance and employment services, recognition of prior learning, incorporating entrepreneurship with training and effective skills forecasting. Improved basic education and core work skills are particularly important to enable youth to engage in lifelong learning as well as transition to the labour market.

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skpYoEmp

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youth-employability

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

Working papers, reports, and other publications from international organizations, academic institutions and bilateral agencies. Research findings to stimulate informed debate on skills, employment and productivity issues.

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research-papers

Publication Date:

17 Oct 2019

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edmsp1_250026.pdf

Based on a survey of 56,000 youths aged 15-35 years old from six countries in the South-East Asia region (ASEAN), this report analyses the views of young ASEAN citizens on future of work, skills and technology. The survey finds that ASEAN youths are highly aware of potential disruption and challenges brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution to the local labour markets, and they are aware they must constantly upgrade their skills. It also details their skills gap, their future career aspirations and their preferences on skills training. The survey was conducted in partnership with Sea, a Singapore-based consumer internet company operating in digital entertainment, e-commerce and digital financial services.

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Access to training

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access-to-training

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683

Labour market information

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labour-market-information

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684

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

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666

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

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677

Skills re-training

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skills-re-training

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655

Skills upgrading

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skills-upgrading

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657

TVET systems

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tvet-systems

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661

Vocational training

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vocational-training

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124

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Financing TVET in the East Asia and Pacific Region: current status, challenges and opportunities (Vol. 2)

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Document

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															Financing TVET in the East Asia and Pacific Region: current status, challenges and opportunities (Vol. 2)
													

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English

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english

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skpEng

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Information is gathered from other international organizations that promote skills development and the transition from education and training to work. The Interagency Group on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (IAG-TVET) was established in 2009 to share research findings, coordinate joint research endeavours, and improve collaboration among organizations working at the international and national levels.

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skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

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Financing of training

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Initial education and training and lifelong learning benefit individuals, employers and society as a whole. Economic principles dictate that the costs for services with public and private benefits should be shared between public and private funding, or else too little training will be provided or taken up. Effective mechanisms for financing skills development vary according to countries’ economic and political circumstances and the degree and level of social dialogue established.

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skpFinanT

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financing-training

Training quality and relevance

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skpTrainQR

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training-quality-and-relevance

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Research papers

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

18 Sep 2019

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edmsp1_247824.pdf

The East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region is very diverse and there is a wide range in the extent to which firms across these countries identify the education level of their work force as being a major constraint. However, developing skills, including vocational and technical skills, and enhancing employability are clear strategic objectives in the EAP region.Countries in the region face strong pressures to expand their technical and vocational education and training (TVET) systems and enhance their quality, while also facing spending pressures on basic and higher education. As this demand increases, the need for sustainable financing for TVET becomes more urgent; this is not only about ensuring that sufficient and predictable revenue streams exist to fund training programs, but perhaps just as importantly about how financing mechanisms themselves can be strongly linked to achieving policy objectives of making TVET systems more accessible, equitable, efficient, demand-driven,responsive and relevant.

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Financing training

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financing-training

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673

TVET systems

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tvet-systems

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661

Vocational training

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vocational-training

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124

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Engaging Employers and Developing Skills at the Local Level in Australia

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Document

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Engaging Employers and Developing Skills at the Local Level in Australia

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English

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english

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skpEng

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skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

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Participation of employers' and workers' organizations

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The world of learning and the world of work are separate but linked. While one involves learning, the other produces goods and services. Neither can thrive without the other. Strong partnerships between government, employers and workers help ensure the relevance of training to the changing needs of enterprises and labour markets.

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skpPSP

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participation-of-employers-and-workers-organizations

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Case studies and good practices

Case studies that document good practices and illustrate the benefits and lessons learnt of particular approaches or methods in real practice.

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skpCaseStdy

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case-studies-and-good-practices

Research papers

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

09 Apr 2019

Open

edmsp1_239228.pdf

OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation This report focuses on how to better engage employers in apprenticeship and other work-based skills development programmes aligned with growing sectors of the local economy. A key part of this report was the implementation of an employer-based survey, which gathered information from over 300 Australian employers about their skills needs and barriers to apprenticeship participation. The report also provides information on four case studies, including Sydney Metro and STEMship in New South Wales, Collective Education in Tasmania, and the Dream, Believe, Achieve programme in Queensland. The case studies demonstrate how local organisations are building stronger business-education partnerships.

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Apprenticeships

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apprenticeships

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639

Employers

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employers

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672

Public private partnerships

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public-private-partnerships

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138

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Australia

Breaking gender barriers in the World of Work

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Document

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Breaking gender barriers in the World of Work

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English

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english

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skpEng

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ILO

The International Labour Organization is the tripartite U.N. agency that promotes Decent Work through employment, social security, labour standards and social dialogue. Its work on skills development is guided by the conceptual framework on Skills to improve productivity, employment growth, and development agreed in 2008 by representatives of Governments, Employers’ Associations and Workers’ Associations. Research, policy advice, and pilot projects and technical cooperation programmes to apply good practices in different circumstances across its 185 member States aims to boost the employability of workers, the productivity and competitiveness of enterprises, and the inclusiveness of economic growth. The ILO Secretariat in offices in 40 countries works with Ministries of Labour, employers’ organizations, and trade unions to integrate skills development into national and sector development strategies in order to better meet current labour market needs and to prepare for the jobs of the future; to expand access to employment-related training so that youth, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups are better able to acquire skills and secure productive and decent work; and to improve the ability of public employment services to provide career guidance, maintain labour exchange services, and deliver active labour market programmes.For more information regarding the ILO’s work on skills and employability go to: http://www.ilo.org/skills/lang--en/index.htm; for ILO/Cinterfor's Knowledge Management Plarform, see: http://www.oitcinterfor.org

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skpILO

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ilo

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Access to training

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Access for all to good quality education, vocational training and workplace learning is a fundamental principle of social cohesion and economic growth. Some groups of people may require targeted attention if they are to benefit from education, training and employment opportunities.

This is particularly the case for disadvantaged youth, lower skilled workers, people with disabilities, and people in rural communities. The attractiveness of vocational education and training is enhanced when combined with entrepreneurship training and when public policies encourage utilization of higher skills by business.

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skpATSU

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access-to-training

Knowledge Products:

Promotional material

Presentations, discussion papers, meeting reports, promotional materials, videos, fact sheets, brochures and newsletters on skills development for employment.

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promotional-material

Publication Date:

11 Jan 2019

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Breaking gender barriers in the World of Work

The 15 women featured in this book illustrate how they are breaking barriers in the world of work and the difference that their inclusion in formal skills-training has made.

The ILO has been working closely with the Government of Bangladesh to achieve a more gender-sensitive skills development policy and to correct gender imbalances in the formal training system. In 2014, the Canadian Government teamed up with the Government of Bangladesh and the ILO to fund the Bangladesh Skills for Employment and Productivity (B-SEP) Project and, through it, reached out to women of all ages – not just youth – and especially those living in remote and marginalized areas with skills training in non-traditional (male-dominated) occupations, followed by assistance with finding jobs that rely on those skills. The training included carpentry, furniture making, automotive mechanics, electronics, electrical trades, tour guiding, baking and food processing. The 15 women featured in this book illustrate how boundaries have been broken and the difference that their participation in basic skills-training programme has made. These are young women disadvantaged at birth by location or circumstance who have benefited from an unusual door opening to them.

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Employability

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employability

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643

Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

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666

Women

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women

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318

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Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a strong track record of growth and development, even in times of elevated global uncertainty. A robust demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment exports, resilient remittance inflows, and stable macroeconomic conditions have supported rapid economic growth over the past two decades. A strong recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic continued in FY22, although a recent surge in commodity prices has presented new headwinds.

Bangladesh reached lower-middle income status in 2015. It is on track to graduate from the UN’s Least Developed Countries list in 2026. Poverty declined from 43.5 percent in 1991 to 14.3 percent in 2016, based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day (1).

Like many of its Asian neighbours, Bangladesh faces a major challenge trying to develop modern, employability skills for tens of millions of young women and men. It has a large informal sector, which accounts for 94.7 percent of the total employment in 2017 (2). Youth continue to be highly affected by the lack of opportunities, with the share of youth aged 15-24 not in employment, education or training (NEET), estimated at 27.8 percent in 2020 (3).

TVET has a huge role to play in equipping the vast young labour force of 15-29 years referred to as the country’s “demographic dividend” with employability skills and providing enhanced support services to ensure a better transition from school to work. TVET may also contribute to reducing poverty by providing employability skills, particularly to those who drop out of school early and to a large number of unemployed and underemployed adults.

Despite many reform initiatives by the government, the TVET sector needs further strengthening through reform of policies and systems in the labour market. Enhancing industry-relevance of TVET qualifications will furthermore require closer Government cooperation with the private sector. For one and a half decade, the ILO has worked closely with the Government of Bangladesh and its Social Partners to reform the TVET sector and to improve access for people to increase their skills and employability, in particular youth, women and people from other marginalized groups.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic had detrimental effects on the TVET sector, due to the nation-wide closure of all educational institutes for one and a half years, starting on 17 March 2020. Most students’ learning was effectively abolished for this duration, and learning and certification was only possible through limited online learning facilities in existence at the time. Only recently has the TVET returned to its prior activity level.

The ILO landmark programmes aim to strengthen and improve the environment for industry skills development, address the mismatch between the supply and demand for skills training, and drive the increased employability of millions of young women and men. ILO’s support to develop the skills system in Bangladesh has focused on skills system governance, development of skills policies and qualifications frameworks; delivery of quality skills training, expanding access to TVET, and involvement by the private sector.

Sources

(1) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview

(2) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/informality/

(3) https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/youth/

Country Assessment and Priority (CAP) – Bangladesh strategy for skills and lifelong learning (2022)

Situation Analysis of Bangladesh TVET Sector (2019) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/—ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_735704.pdf_

Skills and the Future of Work: Strategies for Inclusive Growth in Asia and the Pacific

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Document

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															Skills and the Future of Work: Strategies for Inclusive Growth in Asia and the Pacific
													

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English

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english

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skpEng

Sources:

ILO

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skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

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Research papers

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research-papers

Publication Date:

20 Nov 2018

Open

edmsp1_228427.pdf

Asia and the Pacific is a vast and diverse region that is undergoing rapid and significant change in its economies and the work that people do. By connecting the themes of 'skills', 'the future of work and 'inclusive growth, the book pushes the boundaries beyond the conventional areas of policy discussion. It examines how skills policy can be relevant not only to the rapidly changing world of work but also to the need for social inclusion. While continuous effort is needed to strengthen the system of skills provision, the book highlights the need for a future strategy to address not only 'what skills' and 'who gets access to training' but also whether and how these skills are having an impact on creating better employment and business outcomes. This requires greater appreciation of the demand side of skills and addressing skills issues in the context of, or in conjunction with, the evolving context of work.

The book brings together a wide-ranging set of discussions, analyses and perspectives by leading experts and practitioners that is designed to provoke major policy re-thinking.

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Skills and training policy

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skills-and-training-policy

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666

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

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677

Technology

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technology

Identifier

345

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Advancing decent work for sustainable development

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Document

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															Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Advancing decent work for sustainable development
													

Language:

English

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english

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skpEng

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ILO

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skpILO

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ilo

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Career guidance and employment services

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Career guidance and counselling, career education and lifelong development of skills for employability are key for success in learning activities, effective career transitions, livelihood planning, entrepreneurship and in increasing labour market participation. They are instrumental in promoting skills utilization, recognition (RPL), as well as in improving enterprise human resource management.

Career development activities encompass a wide variety of support activities including career information and advice, counselling, work exposure (e.g. job shadowing, work experience periods), assessment, coaching, mentoring, professional networking, advocacy, basic and employability skills training (curricular and non-curricular) and entrepreneurship training. It is often an area which is fragmented across different ministries (e.g. education, TVET, employment, youth) requiring an effort to achieve the necessary coordination to provide adequate support to individuals during learning, employment and unemployment/inactivity periods.

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skpLMIES

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career-guidance-and-employment-services

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Research papers

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

19 Nov 2018

Open

edmsp1_228224.pdf

The Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook 2018 report pulls together the most recent statistics to take stock of developments in labour markets across the most populous region of the world. Asia and the Pacific stands out as the world’s top performer when it comes to economic growth, owing in large part to its dynamic labour markets. Yet despite the plethora of work in the region, work that qualifies as 'decent' remains in short supply in many countries.

Acknowledging the commitments made in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to 'promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all' under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8, special attention is given to assessing the region’s prospects to advance decent work for inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Where countries in the region fall short in their capacity to expand decent work and hence inclusive growth – as almost all countries do – the report suggests a course of action for advancing on a policy mix that can help to keep decent work front and centre in the development agenda.

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Data collecting

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data-collecting

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362

Development policy

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development-policy

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136

Economic growth

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economic-growth

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166

Labour market information

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labour-market-information

Identifier

684

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Getting Skills Right: Australia

Type:

Document

Content Type:

Getting Skills Right: Australia

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

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Identifier

skpIntOrg

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international-organizations

Topics:

Access to training

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Identifier

skpATSU

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access-to-training

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

18 Sep 2018

Open

edmsp1_224426.pdf

The costs of persistent misalignment between the supply and demand for skills are substantial, ranging from lost wages for workers to lower productivity for firms and countries. Addressing skills imbalances has become a pressing priority as OECD governments reflect on the implications of technological progress, digitalisation, demographic change and globalisation for jobs and work organisation. In light of these challenges, the OECD has undertaken new research to shed light on how countries measure changing skill needs while ensuring that employment, training and migration institutions are responsive to the emergence of new skill requirements.

The Getting Skills Right in Australia review offers an in-depth analysis of the existing skill assessment and anticipation system in Australia, and makes recommendations for how it could be further improved. In addition to providing a summary of the state of skill imbalances in Australia, the report provides an assessment of practices in the following areas: i) the collection of information on existing and future skill needs; ii) the use of skill needs information to guide policy development in the areas of employment, education and training, and migration; and iii) the effectiveness of governance arrangements in ensuring strong co-ordination among key stakeholders in the collection and use of skill needs information.

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Development policy

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development-policy

Identifier

136

Skills anticipation

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skills-anticipation

Identifier

677

Skills utilization

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skills-utilization

Identifier

685

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

Australia

Emerging technologies and the future of work in India

Type:

Document

Content Type:

Emerging technologies and the future of work in India

Language:

English

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english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Anticipating and matching skills needs

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Identifier

skpAFSN

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anticipating-and-matching-skills-needs

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

19 Jun 2018

Open

edmsp1_217825.pdf

The study emphasizes the socio-political dimensions of technological trajectories and their impact in India. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), characterized by the convergence of a cluster of technologies — cutting across the physical, digital, and the biological worlds — machine-learning and artificial intelligence, advanced robotics and autonomous transport, cloud computing and the Internet of Things, among others, is expected to profoundly transform the future of work.

Many jobs and ways of working will become redundant while many new jobs will be created. Production processes, business models, service delivery mechanisms along with employment relationships and social protection frameworks are likely to be reconfigured. Anxiety about the world of work is not new, but it is claimed that this time around the speed and spread of technological advancement will be unprecedented. Global narratives on the impact of 4IR need to be localized and re-examined. While new technologies will be developed and deployed globally, the impact on the future of work will be mediated through local political, legal and socio-economic structures.

This study examines the likely impact of 4IR on the future of work in India, with a specific focus on job-displacement, employment conditions, and labour market inequities in India.

Automation potential must be distinguished from automation adoption. While a high number of tasks might be technically automatable, the adoption of particular technologies will depend on a complex interplay of factors including the cost of labour; levels of education and skilling; legal frameworks for innovation; labour protection policies; the availability of supporting infrastructure; and the social and cultural norms that shape attitudes towards technological change and innovation.

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Information and communication technologies

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information-and-communication-technologies

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346

Skills utilization

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skills-utilization

Identifier

685

Technology

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technology

Identifier

345

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

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Countries and territories:

India

Good practices in using partnerships for effective and efficient delivery of employment services in South Korea

Type:

Document

Content Type:

															Good practices in using partnerships for effective and efficient delivery of employment services in South Korea
													

Language:

English

Slug

english

Identifier

skpEng

Sources:

ILO

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Identifier

skpILO

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ilo

Topics:

Career guidance and employment services

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Identifier

skpLMIES

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career-guidance-and-employment-services

Knowledge Products:

Research papers

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Identifier

skpRPS

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research-papers

Publication Date:

15 Jun 2018

Open

edmsp1_217627.pdf

ILO Employment Policy Department, Working Paper No. 234 This study was commissioned to contribute to the debate regarding the role of partnerships in promoting more efficiency in and effectiveness of employment services and ALMPs. In addition to reviewing literature at the global level, the study sought to fill knowledge gaps in developing and emerging countries, with a bias towards the BRICS. Five country studies were commissioned, covering the People’s Republic of China, Colombia, India, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Russian Federation.

This study on South Korea, included because of the country’s outstanding history of rapid development, provides a wealth of knowledge on various important subjects, including the use of e-services, the developmental role of the State, policy coherence at all levels, performance management, the importance of an enabling legal framework, etc., which forms an invaluable reference for other countries.

Subject Tags:

Employability

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employability

Identifier

643

Employment services

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employment-services

Identifier

680

Labour market information

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labour-market-information

Identifier

684

Regions:

Asia and the Pacific

Region Image

Countries and territories:

Republic of Korea

Subscribe to Asia and the Pacific

ASEAN youth technology, skills and the future of work

Financing TVET in the East Asia and Pacific Region: current status, challenges and opportunities (Vol. 2)

Compétences au service de l’emploi: Bulletin Juin 2019

Engaging Employers and Developing Skills at the Local Level in Australia

Breaking gender barriers in the World of Work

Skills and the Future of Work: Strategies for Inclusive Growth in Asia and the Pacific

Asia-Pacific Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Advancing decent work for sustainable development

Getting Skills Right: Australia

Emerging technologies and the future of work in India

Good practices in using partnerships for effective and efficient delivery of employment services in South Korea