Afghanistan gender mainstreaming implementation note series; no. 4 The Afghanistan gender mainstreaming implementation note series disseminates the findings of sector work in progress and best practices to staff of the Government of Afghanistan (GoA), its implementing partners and agencies, and other practitioners, all of whom are responsible for developing and implementing government programs. The objective of this particular note is to discuss gender issues in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Afghanistan. It will explore the experience of recent TVET programs with regard to training and employment outcomes, flag gender gaps in these outcomes, and identify determinants of these gaps. Finally, it will present applicable best practices and recommendations for improving TVET outcomes for women, particularly in terms of increased participation in training programs and higher rates of job placement following training programs.