This study provides an overview of the state-of-play of international cooperation in vocational education and training (VET) across EU/EFTA countries, with both developed and emerging economies. It explains how international organisations focus their work on VET, and analyses the success factors and challenges when engaging in VET internationalisation. Finally the study also presents a set of recommendations for future actions at European and national levels, which provide a good basis for a broader discussion with EU VET stakeholders on how best to pursue efforts to modernise VET systems through internationalisation strategies.